Emily free essay sample

What for the most part intrigued me to this film is the way that since one is seen as short of what others, change is consistently conceivable through difficult work. Synopsis: The Great Debaters is a film that includes the cruel truth of prejudice during the 1930’s through 1960’s. Prejudice has consistently been an everlasting harming issue in mankind. It isn't just the conviction that one racial gathering is better over another yet additionally the conviction that in the event that an individual has certain characteristics, at that point that individual is viewed as useless hence they ought to be subordinates than the other gathering. During a period of partition inside a country, four people exhibited that significance and quality behind information. In The Great Debaters, three youthful school people were driven by an educated teacher in a discussion group. Mr. Tolson was a solid willed person who defended what he accepted. He showed these intense understudies how to be pleased, certain, and scholarly. They got clever and examined numerous subjects others were reluctant to discuss. The debaters not just attempted to stay bound together they additionally needed to manage the cruel truth of prejudice in the South from seeing out of line treatment of the law to a lynching of an African American. Through his thorough showing techniques and their assurance to be the best, Mr. Tolson drove the debaters to turn into the primary all dark school to discuss a white college and beat the esteemed prevailing discussion school of Harvard University. Hypothesis: Theories are a lot of interrelated recommendations that endeavor to depict or clarify a marvel. One can apply any of the three hypothetical methodologies all through The Great Debaters. To move toward this from an auxiliary useful point of view, or to take a gander at this from the outlook that â€Å"society is a mind boggling framework whose parts cooperate to advance solidarity and stability† (Macionis 13), one needs to see how the general public collaborates. The Great Debaters occurred during a timeframe where bigotry was predominant. During this time in the South, there were unwritten standards which numerous African Americans needed to adjust to so as to keep away from strife and keep up an equalization inside society. While driving his family down an earth street, Dr. James Farmer Sr. accidently hit and executed a ranchers pig. The proprietor of the pig happened to be a white male who promptly ran out his home with a gun and requested installment. Seeing that Dr. Rancher was an African American male, the white rancher requested a ridiculous measure of twenty-five dollars. Dreading for his family’s wellbeing, Dr. Rancher offered to compose over his month to month check from Wiley College to the rancher. The rancher accepting the check as well as made Dr. Rancher assist him with stacking the pig onto his truck. Dr. Rancher knew the pig wasn’t worth that much cash however so as to keep away from a showdown that could have put his family’s life in harm's way; he picked to quit any pretense of all that he had. This identifies with the basic methodology in the way that each gathering knew the truth of how society was working so they decided to carry on in the way that made society work. Social-clash approach or the idea that â€Å"society is a field of disparity that creates struggle and change† (Macionis 15), was introduced when the tenant farmers had a tranquil and legitimate get-together in endeavor to unionize and face the homestead managers for uncalled for treatment. The sheriff and the ranch managers discovered of the gathering and chose to assault the homestead house and beat the tenant farmers in endeavor to strike dread in them from unionizing. This endeavor fizzled and rather united the tenant farmers subsequent to discovering the sheriff unfairly detained Mr. Tolson. The tenant farmers realized they were off guard so by unionizing they could go to bat for their privileges, challenge the framework, and bring change. Emblematic communication approach was additionally clear in this film. The emblematic collaboration approach expresses that â€Å"society is the result of the ordinary connections with individuals† (Macionis 17). This was indicated tremendously all through the film in the character Henry Lowe. Henry Lowe was a youthful understudy who had seen damaging occasions for an incredible duration. Different individuals from the discussion group didn’t comprehend him until they likewise saw a damaging occasion that Mr. Lowe was excessively acquainted with, a lynching. Different individuals from the discussion group were new to this part society. They didn’t comprehend why individuals would carry on in such manner. The truth was that these occasions had formed Mr. Lowe into who he really was in this way making him incredibly energetic in all that he did particularly discussing and going to bat for what was correct. Writing Review: The Great Debaters managed the battles of bigotry and sexual separation. During a period where ladies were seen not as much as men, Samantha Booke showed that ladies additionally have information and the capacities to be as scholarly as men. She showed this through her amazing discourses during her discussions. Rosemary Brown cited that â€Å"changing society is a continuous individual and political battle; it is intense, it is hard and it has no predictable ending† (238). Rosemary Brown cited this with respect to the sexism that is continually happening in today’s society. Despite the fact that Samantha Booke was a youngster that wasn’t expected to accomplish such high instruction, she strived forward with difficult work and assurance to demonstrate to society that she was more than proficient. Bigotry overwhelmed each part of life. Thus numerous African Americans were denied freedoms. Racial court choices, for example, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856) and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) added to this unreasonable treatment. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856) expressed that African American were not residents and consequently had no insurance under the Bill Of Rights. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) set up the different yet equivalent expression. In The Great Debaters all the understudies were seen mediocre compared to different understudies of the white colleges. It wasn’t until they demonstrated they were similarly as able at winning discussions, that the white colleges acknowledged their demand to discuss. The shame joined to African Americans caused white colleges to accept they were not as keen. This keeps on happening in today’s society since individuals accept on the off chance that you originate from a specific spot you are off guard. Likewise, the conviction that whites were better made by isolation drove than radical racial strain between the gatherings. In the long run, these pressures brought about lynching. Any non-white individual who tested white prevalence gambled being hanged or consumed alive by despise filled whites (Macionis 602). In The Great Debaters, the whites expected that African Americans arrived at an elevated level of achievement. To battle these thoughts, the whites utilized brutality to put dread in the African Americans. Investigate: The Great Debaters was a stunning film that gave helpful characters that supported what they accepted regardless. During a period of prejudice, battle, and sexual separation, the debaters demonstrated that the sky is the limit. What charmed my consideration the most about this film is the way that one can't let society make what your identity is. Individuals must be happy to need change. This film benefits anybody searching for a feeling of support. It shows that difficult work and assurance can take you exceptionally far throughout everyday life. End: The Great Debaters offered path to another age of expectation. Regularly, numerous individuals neglect to take a gander at reality behind society and live their day by day lives as though nothing wasn't right. Now and again they adjust to what can be ethically off-base. This film permits us to see the unforgiving truth of life and a difficult that despite everything exist today. Prejudice can be a ground-breaking limit that can be difficult to survive. The Great Debaters demonstrates that difficult work and a solid will is the way to progress and up to one is eager to fight for one’s right at that point change is consistently conceivable. Works Cited Brown, Rosemary. Conquering Racism and Sexism-How? Ottawa, 1990 Dred Scott Decision. Freedom Hall Association in Philadelphia. Copyright 2012 www. ushistory. organization/us/32a. asp Macionis, John J. Human science. Boston: Pearson, 2010. Print. Plessy v. Ferguson. http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0163_0537_ZS. html

Making Spanish Nouns and Adjectives Plural

Making Spanish Nouns and Adjectives Plural In the event that you realize how to make things plural in English, youre near realizing how to do as such in Spanish. What's more, when you realize how to make Spanish things plural, you can just adhere to similar principles for modifiers. Key Takeaways: Spanish Plurals The guidelines for making things plural in Spanish are like those of English, yet Spanish has less exceptions.Nearly all things are made plural by including s or es. Similar standards are followed for adjectives.Sometimes it is important to include or erase a highlight the last vowel of a solitary word when making it plural. The essential rule is the equivalent: In Spanish, plurals end with the letter s, as is typically the situation in English. Spanish plurals for the most part have an unaccented vowel going before the s, as is regularly the situation in English. The Basic Rule Indeed, in the event that you can recollect that the Spanish plural is shaped by ensuring the plural word closes with s went before by an unaccented vowel, normally e, youve dealt with about all of what youll need to realize. The vast majority of whats left is learning the couple of special cases just as the spelling changes expected to cause the composed type of the language to fit in with what is spoken. The fundamental guideline is this: If a word finishes in something besides a s went before by an unstressed vowel, add either s or es as far as possible of the word with the goal that it does. At times, a spelling change is expected to keep up the sound that would be expected to observe this standard. Heres how the standard is applied in different cases: Words Ending in an Unstressed Vowel At the point when the word finishes in a vowel without a highlight, basically include the letter s. el libro, the book; los libros, the booksel gemelo, the twin; los gemelos, the twinsel pato, the duck; los patos, the ducks Things Ending in a Stressed Vowel A couple of things have a solitary syllable consummation in a vowel or have numerous syllables and end in an emphasized vowel. In standard or formal composition, essentially include the letters es. el tisã º, the tissue, los tisã ºes, the tissuesel hindã º, the Hindu, los hindã ºes, the Hindusel yo, the id; los yoes, the ids In regular discourse, be that as it may, it is basic for such words to be made plural essentially by including s. Consequently it would not be unprecedented to hear somebody talk about hindã ºs. Words Ending in a Consonant As is regular in English, things finishing in a consonant are made plural by including es. el escultor; the stone carver; los escultores, the sculptorsla sociedad, the general public; las sociedades, the societiesel azul, the blue one; los azules, the blue onesel mes, the month; los meses, the months Y is treated as a consonant for this standard: la ley, the law; las leyes, the laws. Words Ending in S Preceded by an Unstressed Vowel The plural structure is equivalent to the solitary structure for things finishing in an unstressed vowel followed by s. el lunes, Monday; los lunes, Mondaysel rompecabezas, the riddle; los rompecabezas, the puzzlesla emergency, the emergency; las emergency, the emergencies The Exceptions Special cases to the above standards are not many. Here are the most well-known ones: Words Ending in É Words finishing in a focused on e or à © just need a s toward the end: el cafã ©, the café; los cafã ©s, the coffeehousesla fe, the confidence; las fes, the religions Outside Words Some outside words keep up the pluralization rules of the starting language. It is additionally exceptionally basic to just add a s to make plural words remote paying little mind to what the beginning language does. los pants, the jeansel outdoors, the campsite; los campings, campgroundsel educational plan vitae, the rã ©sumã ©; los educational plans vitae, the rã ©sumã ©sel spam, a spam email or article; los spams, spam messages or articles Explicit Exceptions A couple of words basically dont observe the principles. el pap, the dad; los paps, the fathersla mam, the mother, las mams, the mothersel sof, the lounge chair, los sofs, the love seats Orthographic Changes Changes in either spelling or accents are required in some cases because of the phonetic idea of the Spanish language. The principles above still apply - you simply need to ensure a plural word is spelled the manner in which it is articulated, or that it is spelled by Spanish show. Here are the orthographic changes here and there required: Things Ending in Z The z changes to c when followed by es: el pez, the fish; los peces, the fishes;el juez, the appointed authority; los jueces, the adjudicators Things Ending in an Accented vowel followed by S or N The composed highlight isnt required in pluralizing a thing finishing in a vowel followed by s or n. el interã ©s, the intrigue; los intereses, the interestsel francã ©s, the Frenchman, los franceses, the Frenchmenel aviã ³n, the plane; los aviones, the planes Things Ending in N in an Unstressed Syllable: Be that as it may, a highlight is required when a thing finishing in an unstressed vowel and n is made plural: el examen, the test; los exmenes, the examsel crimen, the wrongdoing; los crã ­menes, the violations

Effects of a Student Lifestyle on Health

Impacts of a Student Lifestyle on Health An examination concerning the impacts of an understudy way of life on wellbeing Results and conversation The polls were conveyed to the understudy populace in the way portrayed. A sum of 240 were disseminated and we got back 120 of these †a half bring rate back. Of these 120 (n), 68 (56%) were from male respondents and 52 (44%) were from females this around mirrors the male/female proportion of understudies at the University. We will think about each question thusly. Poll I Age. As could undoubtedly be anticipated, by far most of respondents were from the 18-21 yr. age go 100 (83%) altogether, with the rest of over the range 22-32 yrs., again this generally likens with the understudy age profile of the University grounds. 108 (90%) were full time understudies with just 12 (10%) being low maintenance We chose to make a fundamental breakdown into sports and non-sports related courses. We felt this was preferred for our motivations over determining every individual course examined, as it fit more clear examination. 24 (20%) were on sports related courses and 96 (80%) were most certainly not. It would be a valuable breakdown of male/female in these two gatherings in the event that you have the data. As far as hours examined, the outcomes were somewhat astonishing as 29 (24%) confessed to concentrating under 6 hrs per week, the greatest companion of 50 (41%) admitted to 6-10 hours per week and just one (a female) felt that she was concentrating over 21 hours per week. The importance of this is, with regards to exercise and wellbeing, it would be hard for any of these understudies to introduce a persuading contention that they didn't practice since they were submitting a lot of time to their examinations. They plainly had a lot of uncertain non-study time on their hands. Maybe a bar graph would be suitable here. Smoking. Given the information introduced before our outcomes were not absolutely in accordance with the national midpoints. Our companion had 64 smokers (53%) of which 60% were men. On the off chance that our associate had followed the national examples, at that point we would have expected 42% of men and 39% of ladies in this age range to be smokers. The purposes behind this are not satisfactory from our review One potential clarification might be the suddenly high reaction to our inquiry regarding feelings of anxiety (see on) Concerning the quantity of cigarettes smoked the range was shockingly limited with over 75% of smokers confessing to smoking 15 or less every day and just 2 confessed to smoking more than 30 per day The time allotment that each had smoked was under four years in 75% of smokers. Despite the fact that we don't have the information, we ought to maybe not be shocked at that as we have just referenced, the dominant part (83%) of our gathering were under the period of 22yrs. You may get a kick out of the chance to separate the times of the smokers further to check whether you can exhibit that the greater part began smoking when they got to college †the figures should bear this out. This figure is very noteworthy when we analyze it against the number who proclaim to be worried about their wellness (see on) as we have featured over that smoking is probably the best obstruction to general great wellbeing. Drinking. 112 (93%) of our respondents said that they drank liquor with just 8 (6%) expressing that they were teetotal. Of a lot more noteworthy intrigue was the sum that was tanked. Given that the current suggested week by week admission is 21 units for men and 14 units for ladies, 75 of our respondents confessed to drinking more than that (66% of consumers) with the greatest gatherings 38 altogether, savoring the scope of 26-35 units on a week by week premise. It must be said that it was fairly stressing that 15 of our respondents (13% of consumers) admitted to normally drinking more than 41 units per week and 3 of those were ladies. 7 a+b) When differentiated against the figures for drinking before coming to University, it very well may be seen that there is a stamped increment in the amount of liquor devoured since the change to the â€Å"student lifestyle†. There may obviously be numerous variables at work here. Abrupt unwinding of parental control, the accessibility of more cash, and being more seasoned may all have an impact. It is likewise conceivable that the impact of companion pressure is a critical factor here. It is most likely additionally huge that solitary two of the gathering really confessed to drinking in excess of 30 units every prior week coming to college which unquestionably is in checked difference to our discoveries. the enquiry into illegal medications drew out an intriguing reaction. We had thought about how conceivable it is that understudies may not be eager to straightforwardly talk about their utilization of illegal substances and fundamentally it was hence that we chose for make the survey unknown. We got a conclusive answer for each situation and 42 of out accomplice (35%) as of now use medications or something to that affect while at college. This thinks about to a much lower figure of 20 (16%) who utilized medications before showing up at college and the understudy way of life. From this proof no doubt the way that somebody comes to college is related with a multiplying of the occurrence of recreational medication use. Again we can just propose about the explanations behind this. Similarly that there was a checked increment in the utilization of liquor after the progress to college life, it is conceivable that the components which we recommended may have been answerable for this expansi on may likewise be similar variables that are important in the expansion in sedate use. 8b) The breakdown of conceded medicate use is fascinating not just for its depiction of the genuine medications utilized yet additionally for the example of sex circulation that it uncovers. There is plainly multi-tranquilize use as 42 respondents confessed to utilizing medications and there are 85 unique affirmations of type. We don't have the figures to let us know whether most of medication use is single use with a similarly barely any clients representing the polypharmacy or whether most medication clients are utilizing different kinds of medications. Most of utilization is in the class of purported recreational medications 71 reports (88% of complete medication use) and just 14 reports of cocaine use (12% of all out medication use). It surely is an unmistakable pattern that the medication use among men is more noteworthy than that among ladies. Of the conceded medicate clients (by type) 53 (62% of utilization) was by men and 27 (38%) was by ladies, this contrasts and the predominance of men in our example (56%) and ladies (44%). At the point when these outcomes are contrasted and the reactions of medication use before landing in college, it very well may be seen that the example of medication use is extraordinary. Cannabis and Ecstasy structure the prevalence of medication use in this age gathering and the occurrence of cocaine use is obviously considerably less. It would accordingly give the idea that cocaine will in general be utilized by a more seasoned age gathering and this could possibly be an impact of life at college. It isn't the capacity of this review to pontificate on the evident rights and wrongs of medication use. We are attempting to characterize and outline the impacts of an understudy way of life on wellbeing and there is significant proof (see over) that medication use is surely not helpful for wellbeing. Maybe we ought to restrict ourselves to the remark that there is absolutely a general medical problem here. 10) The mental parts of â€Å"the understudy life style† likewise delivered some sudden shocks. With explicit respect to uneasiness there is a prompt issue found in the outcomes. In 10a) the understudies were inquired as to whether they felt focused while at college. 72 (60%) reacted â€Å"yes† yet when solicited to review the seriousness from their pressure 109 (90%) showed that they had encountered a level of pressure. This may speak to a trouble in discernment. A few people might have the option to identify with the experience of minor degrees of stress and see it as â€Å"normal† as opposed to â€Å"feeling stressed† which is a term that they may hold for more significant levels of genuine saw pressure. We would need to see this as an analysis of the genuine wording of the inquiry, in which 10a) might have been exceptional expressed as â€Å"have you at any point felt any level of pressure while at university?† when, probably, the two figures wo uld then have coordinated. It is unquestionably noteworthy that most of the â€Å"yes† respondents were ladies. Most of the examinations done regarding the matter of pressure (see above) show that ladies will report feeling focused on more much of the time than their male partners. Numerous reasons and theories have been progressed for this perception. It likely could be that men are physiologically better outfitted to manage worry than ladies. There doesn't, nonetheless, seem, by all accounts, to be any proof to back up this point. It has been indicated that men are less inclined to look for help for mental (and without a doubt physical) side effects than ladies †frequently to their own impediment. Any humanist will disclose to you that in our present social atmosphere the sexual orientation jobs of the two genders are customized diversely during raising. Young men are required and urged to be aloof and daring, concealing their feelings while it is commonly thought to be unquestionably progressively worthy for young ladies to show passionate obligation. It is in this manner not unforeseen to find that at the most noteworthy finish of the revealed pressure go. The extent of ladies is more prominent than men. Similarly the opposite is likewise evident that men are over spoken to at the lower-stress and no-feelings of anxiety. The pre-college results are not as assorted as they have all the earmarks of being in different territories of enquiry. This ought not out and out astonishment us as we need to hold up under as a main priority the way that the entirety of the understudies who have made the progress from school to college will, nearly regardless, have experienced the A-level framework, which is an inalienably upsetting encounter. It is fascinating to take note of that the sex contrasts are practically indistinguishable in this gathering when contrasted with the college gathering. Again this mirrors the discoveries of other,

Classified Info About Redo Essay Samples Only the Experts Know Exist

Classified Info About Redo Essay Samples Only the Experts Know Exist Rumors, Deception and Redo Essay Samples As soon as your writing is finished, make certain to have an editor review your essay for you. Just adhere to the guidelines stated above, and you'll be well on your way to writing a very good persuasive essay. Qualities of a great persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. It will be simpler that you compose a great persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. While there's no one correct method to compose these essays, this page will show you some decent practices to think about when learning how to compose a persuasive essay. As you already see from the above mentioned persuasive essay samples, these forms of papers can be quite different. There are several free examples of suitable formatting. Just take a look at the next persuasive essay. Using Redo Essay Samples A superb writer must know more about the significance of superior hook. The success of the entire essay directly depends upon how good you present the supporting facts. The true life is the one which has our death in its head. Our fashion produces a special statement. Redo Essay Samples Help! Evidently, you ought not purposely select a topic that will bore your audience. To begin with, it's important to pick a topic that it is possible to take a stand for. Whichever topic you select, always don't forget the value of literature sources. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most crucial and frequently tricky parts for many students. Thus, it's not capable of supplying the essential resources. Before writing down the facts and examples which you're likely to tackle, you ought to be well informed, first of all, about your topic. Possessing excellent research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is essential. Start researching, and get started writing! What's Truly Happening with Redo Essay Samples Each body paragraph should concentrate on a single argument, called the principal point. Let's take a quick glance at them. The exact same thing applies, although the time frame might vary, to every `living' thing. The remainder of the paragraph should argue the major point. The Death of Redo Essay Samples For girls, having balanced mental wellness is important to getting a thriving academic career. You may get a great medical cover and pay for the ideal treatment but cannot guarantee decent health. Physical wellness is valuable, obviously. You may trust us to present expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. A persuasive speech is provided with the goal of persuading the audience to feel a particular way, to take a specific action, or to support a particular view or cause. Be cautious when selecting the business you can trust. Other folks believe that it improves creativity and productivity at work. A Startling Fact about Redo Essay Samples Uncovered As soon as it's wise to demonstrate some diversity, overusing vocabulary is never encouraged. Topic sentences clearly state the function of the paragraph. While attempting to learn how to compose a persuasive essay step-by-step, students forget about another important activity. Examples might also be included in each one of the body paragraphs to more support and clarify your primary points. Essay writing is often practiced is schools. In nearly all high schools, your capability of writing this kind of essay is going to be evaluated in class. For this reason, you ought not be concerned about your private essay content being sold to a different student. There are many persuasive essay examples college students are able to make use of online. Students shouldn't have to wear uniforms. They should not have to wear school uniforms because they limit students' ability to express their individuality. They have to write essays depending on the teacher's instructions or their desired style in writing. In general, they are asked to write assignments that take between half an hour and a whole hour.

The First Feminist Movement Of Today s Modern Society

â€Å"Bitch (feminist magazine) manages to give full-time and part-time employees – all of whom are women – healthcare, maternity leave, and the â€Å"Bitch minimum wage† of $15 an hour, â€Å"If Bitch can do it, why can’t you?† –Falks. Women in today s modern society are facing inequality at their jobs. Precisely like unequal pay, sexual harassment, and terrible maternity leaves. They work the same job and get paid incredibly less than their male co-workers. Although it may take years, women deserve to have full equal rights as men. The first feminist movement was primarily focused on equal voting rights, whereas the second movement was focused on equality in the workplace. However, the movement fought for women’s equality at both a political and personal level. The thirty-eight percent of American women who worked in the 1960s were exceedingly limited to jobs as nurses, teachers, and secretaries. Women in general weren’t wel come in professional programs. Working women were usually paid less than men and got deprived of opportunities to advance in their career fields, as employees assumed they would soon become pregnant and quit their jobs, unlike men, they thought they did not have families to support. Moreover, after World War II, the big boom of the American economy outgrew the available workforce, making of necessary for women to fill in new job openings; as a matter of fact, in the 1960s, two-thirds of jobs went to women. The nation simply just had to accept the idea of women inShow MoreRelatedThe Aftermath Of World War II1627 Words   |  7 PagesIt encouraged women to organize social movements such as boycotts and public marches, pushing for their human rights and protection against discrimination. Alongside, they formed their own organization representing them against the federal government like the NOW or National Organization for Women (Napikoski). 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Term Paper Art History - 1409 Words

Fall 2012 Prof. Sudit Cost and Quality Management – Answers to Assignment VI 1. Productivity can be thought of as: A) the relationship between what is produced and what is required to produce it. B) doing more with less. C) the ratio of output to input. D) only A and C are correct. E) answers A, B and C are all correct. 2. A primary objective in measuring productivity is to improve operations either by using fewer inputs to produce the same output, or to produce: A) more quickly. B) more effectively. C) with fewer constraints. D) more outputs with the same inputs. E) more†¦show more content†¦14. Sales volume variances can have significant implications for strategic management. It may indicate that the market: A) may be smaller than originally planned. B) mix is different than initial estimates. C) is stronger than previously thought. D) needs a more aggressive strategy. E) all of the above. 15. 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What is Critical Thinking

Question: Create a Word document called 'Critical Thinking' and write approximately 400 words (no less than 350 and no more than 450 words) describing why you need to be a critical thinker. Explain why it is important for ICT professionals to be critical thinkers. Note that you should include your definition of the term critical thinking. You need to provide at least four (4) relevant unique points in your discussion. Upload the document to Moodle. Answer: Critical thinking can be referred as the type of a reasoned and clear thinking. Critical thinking is the process of skilfully and actively conducting the conceptualisation, application, analysis, synthesis and the evaluation of the available information and then establishing the findings. The critical thinking can also be referred as the reflective and reasonable thinking that mainly focuses on the decision making process regarding what to believe (Criticalreading.com, 2015). The critical thinking can also help in self-regulatory and purposeful judgement and it can explain contextual, criteriological, methodological, conceptual and evidential considerations and that can help in the judgement process. Thus it can be said that critical thinking is very important for an individual. Critical thinking is an intellectual discipline that can help in effective decision making by an individual. An individual can choose the most appropriate alternative with the help of critical thinking. The individual can analyse the costs and benefits of different alternatives and then can make the decisions (Criticalthinking.org, 2015). Critical thinking is also effective in terms of the application of various the knowledge and the concepts in the real life scenario. It increases the efficiency of ones thinking skills and it also clarifies in case of organising and designing. Thus critical thinking is one of the effective tools in case of problem solving. Here it can be said that it is very important for the ICT professionals to be a critical thinker. Here various benefits and the importance of critical thinking are identified. Now some of the points can be discussed here that can illustrate on the importance of ICT professionals of being critical thinkers. ICT industry is related with the information and communication technology. In recent times there has been extensive improvement in the technology and thus the ICT professionals must be critical thinkers who can apply the technologies in practical scenario (Smartschools.ph, 2015). It is very important that the ICT professionals are critical thinkers as they may have to resolve various issues in certain situations. Such issues are faced in ICT industry and thus the professionals should be able to cope with such issues by applying their knowledge. The ICT professional should be a better decision maker. He should utilise his skills in critical thinking for identifying the barriers and analysing the opportunities and then the decisions need to be made. The ICT professional must be able to apply theories and methods to real life problems. Thus he must be a critical thinker for understanding the problem and applying the theoretical constructs in the situation. References Criticalreading.com, (2015).What is Critical Thinking. Criticalthinking.org, (2015).Defining Critical Thinking. Smartschools.ph, (2015).Smart Schools Program | Smart Tools | Teacher Resources Develop Students Critical Thinking Skills in ICT.

Effectiveness of Non

Introduction Effective leadership plays a vital role to develop the company; therefore, business organizations have leaders to protect the organizational culture and concentrate on the mission of the companies. However, the leadership problem arises in the family business in most of the cases, for instance, unresolved conflict, mismanagement, and different views are the key problems in this field.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effectiveness of Non-Family Member Leaders in Family Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business owners can deal with these issues successfully when good relationship among the members create and ensure flexible and secure business environment. However, family business environment can change at any time for different reasons, such as, divorce, financial crises, health issues, obscure leadership approach and clear strategies, succession, ineffective remuneration policy, fav ouritism, no unified objective, unskilled human resource, and so on (â€Å"EMyth: The Challenges of a Family Business† par.2). Research Aims and Questions How non-family member leaders can contribute for the development of family business and national economy; The extent to which family members accept the decisions of the leaders of non-family members; Assess the impact of non-family member leaders on the stakeholders; Contributions of research to business organizations The proposed research will enhance and broaden present theoretical perceptions on the effectiveness of non-family member leaders in family business; in addition, it will encourage other researchers to use the result of proposed research for the future research. In addition, the proposed dissertation will assist the family members of the family business in the UK and other nations in order to identify the loopholes of the business and restructure organizations considering the outcome of this result regarding the effectiveness of non-family member leaders. Reason for Study Cable (6) reported that there were more than 3 million family businesses in the United Kingdom, and these firms provided about 9.2 million jobs (40% of total private sector employment), and generated revenues of  £1.1 trillion in 2010 (35% of private sector turnover). Moreover, Cable (6) further addressed that family businesses have significant role to shape the national economy (in 2010, it contributed  £81.7bn in tax receipts or 14% of total government revenues) for which it is essential to manage such business by improving leadership quality and increasing labour productivity; as a result, this is one of the most important area of research.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review Klein (1) explored that it is very important to investigate the function of non-family leaders in the famil y business; however, it is also essential to compare their role with the leaders appear from the family orientation; such comparison would provide a greater understanding to develop a business model that ultimately resolve the theoretic debate regarding the role of non-family leaders. In order to conduct literature search, this study would consider three areas, which raised by the research questions; on the other hand, it would look for the shared deliberation of the family owner and non-family leader to come into a close relationship, associated recruitment process of the non-family leader and his behaviour all through the employment. The European Commission (4) mentioned that due to the economic contribution of family business and its long-term substantiality during the financial crisis and recessionary economy, continuous efforts to the local community development and their ethical standard turned them essential for the national development; moreover, the states needed to provide special concern for them. The corporate data illustrated that 60% of the European firms are under family business category and they are working in different sectors with successful record of accomplishment; most of the SMEs are under this category. The most acceptable and agreed definition provided by the EC is that a firm would be considered a family business if the founder or owner or ‘majority of decision-making rights’ or acquired share capital are concentrated within the family members such as spouses, children, parents, or direct heirs and at least a single delegate of them who officially represent them. For listed companies, the company has considered a family business if 25% of share capital of decision-making rights concentrate to any founder or owner of his family members; furthermore, the EC has just guided the definitions and urged to implement them in the individual national context of the member states with improved choice. The Ernst Young (1-36) conduct ed a landmark study with 280 family businesses with joint efforts of the FBNI, and Credit Suisse in order to identify the greater insight with the procedure of conducting such business; furthermore, its core competences, strategies, and professionalism to sustain under the hard economic condition.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effectiveness of Non-Family Member Leaders in Family Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among them, ten business leaders were executives (family members) among more than 1000 executives, who became most prominent and gained awards from the academia for their contribution to the family business arena within the surveyed respondents; however, the performance of the family executives were more exciting and remarkable than the non-family business leaders. Under the present economic reality, the findings of the research identifies that although there are some disadvantageous a ttributes of family business, the performance of family business leaders even new family members are superior than the non-family leaders while 30% new family members are coming into the business with business degrees and perfect skills. On the other hand, Birchall Ketilson (15) advocated with the non-family leadership arguing that the family leadership in the family business could be aligned with nepotistic; they could develop widespread paternalistic exercise that a non-family leader would never put into practice where family members would not be privileged to influence unethically. Moreover, enterprises single ownership and self-employed people could consider, as the family business in many countries where unattractive representation of labour markets looks very worse in such small companies; moreover, the most common dilemmas of them is lower wages with less career opportunities that could not attract potential non-family leaders. As the non-family leader are standing apart and composed with business skills and committed to the family, they could provide exceptional control over the business that lets the non-family leader to strongly handle emotional and soft issues rise from family leadership. At the same time, the non-family leaders have to face tremendous threats from the family members who are most likely habituated to integrate emotional blackmailing in the business. This proposed literature review would search the most neglected research direction aligned with gaps with existing direction of non-family leaders with the aim to identify function of business leaders to strengthen the prospective of modern family business pointing to the success and failure of them.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thesis Statement Amanna and Jacques (204) pointed out that the academic literature of family business has evidenced with better performance than non-family business during the global financial meltdown although the conventional wisdom regarding contribution of non-family leaders prolong confusing idea and required to have further research to identifying the actual truth. Under the present global financial crisis and its long-term recessionary impact, the rate of recovery in the family business is greater than the non-family business, but this data does not evidenced to any positive role or optimistic contribution from the non-family executives. Thus, the role of non-family executives in the family business remain unclean and grounded with huge conceptual gap; so, this literature has aimed to look for most resent studies based on the concurrent recessionary economy in order to enrich the area with better understanding and to provide direction for further research non-family leaders. Research Methodology and Methods Research philosophy Williams (1) stated that research philosophy is a significant aspect of research methodology to collect data in useful and correct way considering time limitation and budget constraints; however, three philosophies include positivism (highly structured methodology to quantify and assess the outcome), interpretive (applicable when business is too complex) and realism philosophy (interdependency of human values and beliefs). However, Williams (1) argued that researcher could collect all the data when it considers positivism, interpretive philosophy based on the critical thinking about positivism philosophy and realism philosophy depend on the fact that human are not the objects for research; therefore, proposed research will consider positivism and interpretive philosophy to discuss the effectiveness of non-family member leaders in family business. The strategy (induction/deduction) Burney (5) stated that Induction method (also know n as â€Å"bottom up† approach) is more widely used in the scientific research field to formulate some tentative hypotheses to explore and to develop the theory and measurement. On the other hand, Burney (4) argued that deduction methods commonly used in the social research and it starts with theory; however, the next graph demonstrates the distinction between the deductive and inductive method – Figure 1: Deductive Versus Inductive Approach Source: Self generated from Burney (5) However, the proposed research will consider deductive approach because this is appropriate with the research field â€Å"Effectiveness of non-family member leaders in family business† while it is beyond the knowledge of the researcher to introduce a theory from observation. Research Design The proposed research will consider both qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyze the importance of non-family member leaders in family business, for instance, qualitative research will pl ay vital role to gather border opinion of the family business owners and quantitative research approach will help the researcher to identify the behavioural attributes with statistical representation. However, the proposed research will contain six major steps or chapters considering both primary and secondary research, for instance – Problem statement: This chapter will to identify core principles of leadership styles in family business, objectives of different stockholders, and different perspectives regarding organizational challenges; Development of a research approach to the problem; Research design formulation: the proposed research will provide methodological framework to illustrate the effectiveness of non-family member leaders in family business and it will contain overall process to organise the paper; Fieldwork or Data Collection: Semi structured questionnaire will be prepared for the data collection from the owners and members of family business; Data preparation and analysis: Effective measurement tools will be used; Report preparation and presentation; Sample Size The researcher of the proposed study will conduct face-to-face interview as the owners and employees of family business are too cooperative to participate in the interview; therefore, researcher will prepare a questionnaire to interview on specific factors to reach conclusion in this regard. At least, 200 respondents will participate in the interview process; however, the following table gives more information about interviewees – Personal Background and sample size Frequency a Gender Male 112 Female 88 b Total Respondents 200 Quantitative data size 180 Qualitative data size 20 c Age 18 – 30 64 31 – 40 76 41 – 50 28 51 – 60 22 61 =/+ 10 d Experience in the family business 01 – 05 30 06 – 12 95 13 – 20 52 20 + 23 e Educational level Below senior school 42 A level 24 Bachelor 62 Master 70 PhD or other professional qualification 2 f Social network or Internet user Facebook users 130 LinkedIn members 32 Google members Other Table 1: Profiles of family business members and owners Source: Self generated Data Collection Strategy: The strategies for the data collection programmes will be based on the traditional process along with questionnaire, such as, the researcher will apply personal or face-to-face interview, telephone interview, and web survey through semi-structured questionnaire to analyse the effectiveness of the leaders of non-family member in the family business. However, the rationale for considering traditional approach for data collection is to have sufficient time and budget to conduct field survey using questionnaire, the family business stakeholders, and owners are responsive to share their views to contribute to conduct research on leadership approach in family business. Data Analysis Process The qualit ative data regarding the effectiveness of non-family member leaders on family business will be analysed in descriptive manner, for instance, the research will carefully read the text or lessen the tape records in order to shape the quality data; after filtering process, the data will be presented in the main text. The descriptive and interpretive analysis of qualitative research approach will focus mainly on the difference between leaders of family business and leaders of corporate company leaders in decision-making process to solve conflicts and dilemmas since the human resource are not skilled enough in case of family business. On the other hand, quantitative data regarding leadership style in the family business will be graphically presented using statistical software, such as, Microsoft excel, Matlab or others; however, selection of software will be based on the questionnaire (number of variables) of the proposed research. However, the next figure shows data analysis process â⠂¬â€œ Figure 1: Data analysis process Source: Self generated Potential threats to validity and reliability The researcher can be biased at the time of questionnaire design and data analysis process; as a result, the researcher of the proposed study will check the instrument considering both external and internal validity to make the data reliable to all range of business employees and owners of family business. Ethical issues As the research involved human participation, the proposed will collect data after getting consent from the business owners and members of the family business; in addition, the proposed study will treat personal information of family business holders as confidential data (respect for anonymity and privacy) following Data Protection Act 1998 in the perspective of the UK. Participant Information Sheet Title: Effectiveness of Non Family Member Leaders in Family Business By signing below, signatory are assenting that he/she has read and understood this sheet, t he aim of the research to meet problem related with leadership crisis in the family business along with the family attachment and emotions; in addition, signatory will assess the risk factors (no potential risk incur in this case), and taking part in this survey voluntarily Name of the respondent Signature of the respondent Date Name of person obtaining consent Signature of the individual Table 2: Participant Information Sheet Source: Self generated Resources It should require a laptop, statistical software, tape recorder, mobile phone and some other tools; on the other hand, it needs at least $2500 to conduct research on the effectiveness of non-family member leaders in family business; however, this cost associated with transportation costs for field survey, preparation of documents, collect secondary data sources (purchase books), and additional overhead costs. Timetable Task Date Time Submit this proposal for approval 03 May 2013 May be approved within 15 days of submission Prepare problem statement with research gap, research question and objectives 16 May 2013 to 31 May 2013 At least 15 days require to complete first chapter Prepare first draft of literature review with theoretical analysis 01 June 2013 to 30 June 2013 30 days require as it is largest chapter and need deep concentration Confirm sample, design instruments for methodology chapter 01 July 2013 to 14 July 2013 At least 14 days require to research design for data collection It will conduct field survey to assemble primary data 16 July 2013 to 31 August 2013 It should minimum 45 days as it is lengthy process Analyse data and resent report format 01 September 2013 to 30 September 2013 30 days for editing, coding and presenting Conclusion and recommendation 02 October 2013 to 15 October 2013 Minimum 15 days require Finish the entire draft of the proposed dissertation and begin revisions 16 October 2013 to 30 October 2013 14 days reserve for revisions Submit final p aper 01 November 2013 Table 3: Research schedule Source: Self generated Conclusion The proposed research with non-family members in the family businesses and its direction to the literature review has aimed to support the relevant research questions for this study while main objective of this paper is to generate literature adequately demonstrates the significance of non-family leaders in family businesses. The outcomes of the research would enhance the family business with new findings and show the future direction for further research with non-family business leaders comparing with the family leaders in context of their origin, performance, and professionalism. The potential strengths of the proposed research include available secondary data sources along with primary data to shape literature review and develop a strategic framework to develop leadership approach in the family business with non-family member CEO to cover in detail all areas related to this field. At the same t ime, key strengths will be the outcomes of survey report to analyse qualitative and quantitative data, the result of the overall research on problematic dynamic particularly in the family firm, comparison with non-family businesses and family businesses, importance of the family attachment and emotions, evaluate the advantage and disadvantage of non-family leadership, and the market advantage. The proposed study will not contain major weaknesses, as the research will take appropriate measure on time; however, some possible weaknesses include time and budget constraints since it will consider large participants for field survey. Works Cited Amanna, Bruno. Jacques Jaussaudb. â€Å"Family and non-family business resilience in an economic downturn†. Asia Pacific Business Review. 18.2 (2012): 203-223. Web. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/bibliographic_databases.htm?id=17029973. Birchall, Johnston. Ketilson, Lou Hammond. Resilience of the Cooperative Business Model in Times of Cri sis. 2009. Web. http://www.ilo.org/empent/Publications/WCMS_108416/lang–en/. Burney, Aqil 2008, Inductive Deductive Research Approach. PDF file. 02 May 2013. www.drburney.net/INDUCTIVE%20%20DEDUCTIVE%20RESEARCH%20APPROACH%2006032008.pdf. Cable, Vince 2011, The UK Family Business Sector: Working to grow the UK economy. PDF file. 02 May 2013. http://www.ifb.org.uk/media/44219/theukfamilybusinesssectorreportnov2011_final.pdf. EMyth: The Challenges of a Family Business 2010. Web. http://www.e-myth.com/cs/user/print/post/the-challenges-of-a-family-business. Ernst Young 2012, Built to last Family businesses lead the way to sustainable growth. 2012. PDF file. 2 May 2013. http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Built_to_Last/$FILE/Built_to_Last.pdf. Klein, Sabine. â€Å"Non-Family Executives In Family Businesses – A Literature Review.† Electronic Journal of Family Business Studies (EJFBS). 1.1 (2007): 1-2. Web. https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/202 48/EJBFS_2007_v01_n01_p19-37.pdf?sequence=1. The European Commission 2007, Final Report of the Expert Group: Overview of Family–Business–Relevant Issues: Research, Networks, Policy Measures and Existing Studies. PDF file. 2 May 2013. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship/family-business/family_business_expert_group_report_en.pdf. Williams, Jennifer. Research Paradigm and Philosophy. 2011. Web. http://www.howtodo.dissertationhelpservice.com/research-paradigm-and-philosophy. List of Abbreviations FBNI = Family Business Network International SMEs = Small and Medium Enterprises This research paper on Effectiveness of Non-Family Member Leaders in Family Business was written and submitted by user Deon Perez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Failure of the League of Nations essays

The Failure of the League of Nations essays In the beginning of the 1930's, there was a world-wide economic depression. This lead to the creation of expansive policies of strong countries, such as Japan and Italy, in order to overcome the depression by building strong empires. The League of Nations dependent on the obedience of the Covenant by its members in order to succeed. However, in 1930's the League failed in stopping dictators deliberately breaking the Covenant. Already in 1931, Japan controlled most of the economy in Manchuria, part of China. It owned the most important assets in Manchuria, such as the Manchurian Railway. As the world-wide depression hit Japan hardly, the Japanese saw the invasion as the only way how to get out of depression. During the night of 28th September, an explosion of the Manchurian Railway, gave the Japanese an excuse to occupy the city of Shenyang. Instantly, China asked for the help of the League of Nations. After having a close look at the case, the League ordered the Japanese troops to leave Manchuria. The Japanese government agreed with the League's decision. However, the Japanese troops were already settled in Manchuria and refused to withdraw. The government no longer had control over its army and the army continued to advance in Manchuria. This event was a major blow to the League. The League was meant to keep peace by collective security, however, the Japanese refused to accept the terms of the League. Thus, this meant that if persuasion did not work then the League had to use economical sanctions. However, personal interest played a major role in the failure of applying economical sanctions on Japan. Both Britain and France, the main leaders of the League, were also recovering from the Great Depression and they did not want to risk losing trade with Japan, as it was vital for their economy. It soon became clear that economical sanctions could not work. Therefore, the League was left with their last resource&qu...

Immigration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Immigration law - Essay Example However, the blurring of the distinction between the need to legislate for immigration on the one hand and protection from terrorism on the other is further perpetuated by the patchwork of piecemeal immigration legislation in the UK, which is further compounded by the legal rights of asylum seekers. On the other side of the legal spectrum, the implementation of the Human Rights Act in 1998 (HRA) enshrines the fundamental rights and freedoms of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. From an immigration policy perspective, the most important rights relied on in immigration cases have been the Article 5 right, which prohibits detention without trial and the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment under Article 3. Additionally, Article 14 guarantees rights under the ECHR. On the one hand, these fundamental freedoms are essential to the function of the UK as a democracy. On the other hand, the reliance on the ECHR rights through the HRA 1998 arguably undermines immigration rules and legislation, which enables the UK immigration system to be exploited1. However, it is precisely this paradox within the law that enables the changing Governmental policy from circumventing both entrenched immigration and asylum rules and human rights protection on grounds of â€Å"national security†2. This is particularly evidenced by the implementation of the controversial Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2003 (ACTSA), which permits derogation from the ECHR. The contradictory nature of UK immigration policy and compliance with human rights highlights the inherent flaw in enacting knee jerk legislative responses to socio-economic issues. This further highlighted by the dichotomy in protection afforded by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 and the Convention on the Status of Refugees 1951

Speech Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech Analysis - Essay Example The orator was rational in his arguments, emotional with his voice intonation and was respected and looked upon by the audience. Every word that he spoke was listened to and this made his speech more affective. Considering the attitudes of audience then the speaker addressed the affective dimension of their attitude by assuring them of the commencement of an imminent change in the country, for the better. The personality and presence of the speaker are keys to an impactful public speech. Martin Luther King Jr. was considered to be one of the greatest revolutionaries of all times and thus each word that he spoke was seen with credibility and weighed with internalization. The listeners could identify themselves with the reader and thus can understand and interpret whatever that was said, accurately. The way of speaking of Martin Luther King Jr. was expressive and this added the component of power to his words, making him appear more credible to the audience, as they perceived him to be an expert in politics and a trustworthy individual. The speech was made in public so the physical setting added more worth to each word spoken by the speaker as he was able to make people believe what he said and they chanted slogans and cheered for him all the way. The audience speaker relationship is really important in an affective speech, Martin Luther King Jr. was looked up on as a role model by millions of people and so it was easier for him to convey his ideology to the audience because they were very receptive to his ideas and thoughts in advance, because he always addressed to their core beliefs. The speech was delivered in context to the American Civil Rights movements and it talked about the establishment egalitarianism in public and political sphere in the US, therefore it gained a lot of support and acceptance from people (Hansen, 2003, p.177). â€Å"With this

Communications Plan Essay Example for Free

Communications Plan Essay The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and TSA awarded a $37m grant for expansion projects at Denver International Airport. These funds are being used for the master plan projects. Approximately $11.6m will go towards rehabilitating runway 8/26, and over $1.7m will be used to improve the taxiway system surrounding Jeppesen Terminal. About $8.7m will be used to upgrade runway 16L/34R. About $15m from the TSA grant will be spent on improving the airports baggage screening system. Stakeholder Analysis To examine the role of the airport stakeholders a precise definition of stakeholders and their goals for the airport is necessary. The purpose of this section is to identify the airport’s goals from the point of view of each stakeholder group. 1) Passengers For passengers, the airport provides a transition point between the ground and air transportation modes, or a connection point between two flights. Different sub-types of passengers have been identified (Neufville Odoni 2003): 1) Arriving passengers 2) Originating passengers 3) Transfer passengers 4) International and domestic passengers 5) Charter and low-fare airline passengers 6) Shuttle/commuter passengers These passenger types are not mutually exclusive; rather, an individual passenger may be a member of more than one subtype of passenger categories. Arriving and originating passengers are commonly referred to as origin and destination (OD) passengers. Independent of the passenger classifications according to the above attributes, the passengers may be viewed in two different capacities in the context of this analysis. First, passengers can be viewed as participants in the economic system, either as business travelers or as tourist/leisure travelers, purchasing services from airport service providers and interacting in different ways with local businesses and the local community. Second, passengers can be viewed as individual travelers that have expectations about receiving quality services, and passing through the airport system in a convenient manner. These two perspectives have different implications on the goals for the airports and will be treated separately in the following subs ections. a) Passengers as Economic Participants Passengers may participate in the economic system in one of several ways: 1) As origin leisure/personal travelers: These are passengers from the local community that use the airport as their departure point for leisure or other personal travel. 2) As origin business travelers: These are travelers representing local businesses, using the airport as their departure point. 3) As destination leisure/personal travelers: These are visitors to the region, for tourism or other personal purposes. 4) As destination business travelers: These are business travelers coming to visit local businesses. If the airport’s traffic is heavily geared toward OD traffic, then demand at the airport is more heavily dictated by the local economy. In contrast, significant connecting (transfer) passenger levels are less sensitive to the performance of the local economy, but those traffic volumes may represent vulnerability for the airport since they are to a greater degree dictated by a carrier’s viability and route decisions. Passengers contribute toward the financing of airport capital improvement projects through Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) of up to $4.50 per passenger. PFCs are paid directly by passengers through airline tickets and proceeds must be used for capital improvements at the airport that collected them (Wells Young 2003). The goals for passengers as economic participants relates to the cost of travel: Providing access to low airfares is a key objective for the airport in the view of air passengers. b) Passenger as Travelers When considering the passengers as travelers as a stakeholder group, the focus is on the passenger as an individual. The goal of the airport from the individual passenger viewpoint is, moving passengers quickly and conveniently to where they need to go. This view considers the airport as a transit point from one mode of transportation to another, or as a connection point between two different flights. Ensuring on-time performance was raised as the most important aspect to achieving this objective. 2) Business, Commerce, Tourism, Arts, Sports, and Education Organizations The organizations that in various ways are customers of the airport have been summarized as â€Å"business, commerce, tourism, arts, sports, and education organizations†. Some organizations are direct users of the airport by importing or exporting services (i.e. business travelers) and goods (raw materials or finished goods). Other organizations are indirect customers of the airport as a result of their custome rs (e.g. tourists) traveling through the airport. The term â€Å"organizations† is used to encompass both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Organizations Organizations whose clients arrive through the airport Organizations that are direct users of the airport Importers of services and goods Exporters of services and goods The airport serves as an engine of business activity for the organizations in the region. The airport drives and supports economic activity in several different ways, including both through business activities directly at the airport and through business activities throughout the regional economy (Button Stough 2000). Underlying goals for maximizing this economic activity include maximizing passenger volumes and traffic at the airport as well as maximizing the number of destinations served and the frequency of those services (Matt Erskine, Greater Washington Board of Trade 2009). As a result of the different types of use of the airport described in the previous paragraph, the priority of one goal over another varies between organizations. 3) Air Carriers Air carriers provide the air transportation service from the airports. Air carriers include both passenger and cargo carriers and are classified into three subcategories (Environmental Protection Agency 2000): 1) Large certified carriers: These carriers have a certificate to carry 61 passengers or more, payload equal to or greater than 18,000 pounds, or conduct international operations. 2) Small certified carriers: These carriers fly aircraft that carry less than 61 passengers, carry less than 18,000 pounds, and do not conduct international operations. 3) Commuter carriers: These are air taxis with a published schedule of at least five weekly round trips between at least two airports. Air carriers select airports based on the passenger demand for service to/from the airports (i.e. revenue generation potential) and based on the cost of operating at the airport. The airlines have the objective of achieving high yields, (Doganis 2002). Airports serve the role of providing access to high yield markets. Attractive airports ensure low cost of air carrier operations at the airport. This includes both minimizing direct fees charged to air carriers through the maximization of non-aeronautical revenues (Dallas Dawson, Tampa International Airport 2009) and minimizing costs incurred by air carriers through delay on the ground (Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009). An airport may serve either as a hub for a carrier, with a high portion of that carrier’s flights operating to/from the airport, or as a non-hub airport with a lower portion of flights for a given carrier (Belobaba et al. 2009). In either situation, the airport should act as an efficient hub/connection point, contributing to ensuring air carriers’ on time performance (Pat Oldfield, United Airlines 2009). In addition, it is the expectation of air carriers that airports ensure safety of operations on the airport surface (Kurt Krummenacker, Mood ys 2009). 4) General Aviation Users General aviation encompasses many types of aviation outside the air carrier definition, including (Wells Young 2003). 1) Air taxi operators (except those air taxi operators listed in section IV.A.3) 2) Corporate-executive transportation 3) Flight instruction 4) Aircraft rental 5) Aerial application 6) Aerial observation 7) Business 8) Pleasure Several of the goals listed for air carriers also apply to general aviation in terms of on-time performance, low costs, and safety. However, a representative of a business aviation organization defined the primary goal of airports as serving as access point to the national air transportation system by providing good availability and high capabilities in terms of instrumentation and services (Jeff Gilley, National Business Aviation Association 2009). 5) Airport Organization The airport organizational structure varies (Neufville Odoni 2003) and can be comprised of an individual airport such as Dallas Fort Worth Airport (DFW) (DFW Airport 2009) or as a group of airports managed by the same organization, such as the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) (Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority 2009). The airport organization is overseen by a board appointed by local governments. In larger airports or systems of airports, a common feature is that the organization includes a separation of operating units which carry out on-going management of airport operations, and they are separate from staff units which have responsibility for (among several other areas) infrastructure development (Neufville Odoni 2003). The airport itself pays for some capital infrastructure projects. Airport operating revenues come from sources such as landing fees, terminal leases and proceeds from concessions sales. This revenue is used to pay for the airport’s operating expense, but any surplus can be used to contribute toward capital improvements. A set of goals for the airport organization can be derived from studying airports’ strategic plans and objectives and from interviewing airport management experts. The primary objective (sometimes referred to as the â€Å"mission†) of the airport is to provide access to high quality air services to its region. Other goals, such as ensuring strong financial performance and high operational efficiency, are considered as â€Å"means to an end† in that they enable the airport to achieve this overarching goal (DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). A summary view of the airport’s goals is presented using the structure of Denver International Airport’s strategic plan (Denv er International Airport 2009): 1) Excel in airport management: This goal includes: a) Achieve high security and safety (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) b) Grow revenue and manage costs (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) c) Drive economic growth (Denver International Airport 2009) d) Grow passenger numbers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) e) Provide access to a high number of destinations and a high frequency of service (Denver International Airport 2009). This goal relates immediately to the primary objective of the airport described above. Airport management must also achieve a balance where sufficient infrastructure capacity exists for handling traffic while capacity is at the same time not over-built (Paul McKnight, Jacobs Consultancy 2009; Frank Berardino, GRA Inc 2009). Additionally, a key objective for airports is to maximize non-aeronautical revenues since that provides diversified revenues and allows for keeping usage charges to air carriers low, thereby potentially attracting more traffic (Chellie Cameron, MWAA 2009; Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009; Seth Lehman and Emma Walker, Fitch Ratings 2009). 2) Provide high levels of customer service: This goal includes ensuring a good experience for both passengers and other customers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). 3) Develop environmentally sustainable practices and minimize noise: This goal includes minimizing emissions, energy consumption, etc., within the airport (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some airports, such as Sea-Tac, are also beginning to expand their focus by considering greenhouse gas emissions not only from the airport-controlled operations but also from airlines and other tenants as well as the public (Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport 2007). Related to this is the goal of minimizing airport-related noise (Neufville Odonin2003). 4) Develop high-performing employee teams: This goal relates to developing effective and skilled employees (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) and maximizing employee engagement (DFW Airport 2008). 5) Enhance competitive advantage: This goal includes providing competitive user rates and protecting the airport’s physical infrastructure (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some of these goals may be in competition with each other. For instance, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue can conflict with the goal of developing environmentally sustainability and providing a good experience for passengers: The latter two goals would be aided by promoting and developing access to public transportation access modes to the airport such as bus or rail. However, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue is better served by maximizing revenue-generation in the form of parking revenue from private vehicles. In such instances, airport management must balance the competing priorities in order to accomplish the goals of the airport. 6) Investors and Bond-Holders The majority of airport debt is of the general airport revenue bond (GARB) type. GARB means that the bond is backed by revenues generated from airport operations and not backed by any government funding source. The credit ratings agencies Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch Ratings participate in this system by assigning grades of investment quality to the airports’ bonds. The ratings agencies’ ratings affect the interest rates and terms of the bonds (Wells Young 2003). A large number of factors impact the bond ratings, including: 1) Historical and projected population growth 2) Historical and projected employment expansion and mix 3) Passenger growth 4) Airport utilization trends 5) Portion of origin and destination (OD) traffic 6) The importance of the facility to the overall US system of airports 7) Whether the airport is in a favorable geographic location (e.g. is it a natural hub location?) 8) Airfield capacity and attractiveness of facilities 9) Debt burden and carrying costs 10) Financial strength of carriers with a lot of connecting traffic, and their level of commitment to the airport 11) The role of the airport in the dominant carrier’s network 12) The level of legal flexibility for the airport to change the rates it charges air carriers 7) Concessionaires Airport concessionaires operate passenger services in terminal buildings and may include food and beverage services, retail services, and hotels. Concessions operators pay the airport organization a fixed annual fee and/or a percentage of gross revenues (Wells Young 2003). Considering the concessions operators’ objective of maximizing profits, the goals of the airport for these operators are deduced to be maximizing passenger volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 8) Service Providers The service providers are private operators that offer services to air carriers and general aviation users. Independent operators may supply these services (e.g. fixed-base operators, FBOs), but some of the services may also be provided by the airport operator, the airline itself, or by another airline. Services provided include (Neufville Odoni 2003): 1) Supply of aviation fuel and oil 2) Baggage handling and sorting 3) Loading and unloading of aircraft 4) Interior cleaning of aircraft 5) Toilet and water service 6) Passenger transport to/from remote stands 7) Catering transport 8) Routine inspection and maintenance of aircraft at the stands 9) Aircraft starting, marshalling, and parking 10) Aircraft de-icing 11) Passenger handling (e.g. ticketing and check-in) 12) Cargo and mail handling 13) Information services 14) Preparation of handling and load-control documents 15) Supervisory or administrative duties Similar to concessionaires, independent service providers pay a fee to the airport organization which is typically a percentage of gross revenues (Neufville Odoni 2003). In a parallel to concessionaires, service provider goals for the airport would include maximizing traffic volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 9) Employees The employee category includes both direct employees of the airports organization as well as employees of companies operating at the airport, such as concessions operators. Some employees are organized into unions, such as the Service Employees International Union (SEIU USW West 2009) and Unite Here (Unite Here 2009). The objective of the airport from the perspective of those unions is to provide secure jobs, wages, and benefits (Unite Here 2009). 10) Federal Government The federal government participates in the airport system in three different roles: As a bill-payer, as an operator, and as a regulator. Each of these roles will be addressed in this section. In terms of the government’s role as a bill payer for the system, the Airports Improvement Program (AIP) is administered by the FAA and its funding comes from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which in turn is funded by user fees and fuel taxes. AIP funds can be applied toward projects that support aircraft operations including runways, taxiways, aprons, noise abatement, land purchase, and safety, emergency or snow removal equipment. In order to be eligible for AIP funding, airports must be part of the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), which imposes requirements on the airport for legal and financial compliance (Wells Young 2003). The NPIAS has two goals: To ensure that airports are able to accommodate the growth in travel and to keep airports up to standards for the aircraft that use them (FAA 2008). The government’s role as airport operators includes three different agencies: 1) FAA: The FAA is the operator of ramp, ground, local, and departure/arrival air traffic control services (United States Code of Federal Regulations 2010). 2) Transportation Security Administration (TSA): The TSA provides passenger and baggage security screening services. The TSA states that it is the goal for its baggage screening operations to screen for explosives and other dangerous items while maximizing efficiency (Transportation Security Administration 2009). This can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. 3) Customs and Border Protection (CBP): The CBP is responsible for operating passport control and customs inspections at international airports. The CBP states that it is its mission to protect â€Å"our nation’s borders from terrorism, human and drug smuggling, illegal migration, and agricultural pests while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate travel and trade† (Customs and Border Protection 2009). Just as for the TSA, this can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. Lastly, the federal government is a regulator of the airports system. Airports that are included in the NPIAS are subject to a number of federal regulations that are enforced by the FAA and the Transportation Security Administration. The regulations apply to both the airport infrastructure as well as to service providers within the airport systems. The purpose of these rules is to ensure the safe and efficient operations of public-use airports (Wells Young 2003). 11) Local Government US airports are with few exceptions not private, profitmaking enterprises. Instead, airports are typically owned and operated by public entities such as cities, counties, or local airport authorities (Neufville Odoni 2003). For instance, Washington’s Dulles and National airports are owned and operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airport’s Authority (MWAA). The MWAA is officially a body independent of the local government but its board is appointed by the Governor of Virginia, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Governor of Maryland and the President of the United States). Similarly, Newark, LaGuardia, JFK, Stewart International, and Teterboro airports in metropolitan New York City are owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2009). Dallas-Fort Worth Airport is jointly owned by the City of Dallas and the City of Forth Worth (DFW Airport 2009). The government owners in the form of city and local governments are represented by an airport board which is responsible for the strategic direction of the airport and for appointing airport management (Wells Young 2003). The local government is supported in an advisory role by federally funded Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) who are charged with assisting in planning for aviation and other transportation infrastructure for the local region (Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations 2010). State and local government also contribute as bill-payers for capital improvement projects (Airports Council International North America 2009). The objectives of the airport from the point of view of the local government is representative of those of the local community it represents and involves both maximizing its positive effects while minimizing its negative effects. One form of positive impact of the airport is in the shape of economic effects. There is significant literature on the economic impact of airports. However, many studies are sponsored by the airports authorities themselves, making them more political than analytical. Although there may be no definitive measure of the economic impact of airports, a structure for the types of impacts of airports to their regional communities has proposed (Button Stough 2000): 1) Short-term impact from construction, expansion, and renovation of airports 2) Sustained impact in the form of jobs at the airport (direct impact) and off-airport jobs that result from the â€Å"multiplier effect† of the income generated by employees at the airport 3) Stimulus of the local economy as a result of firms and individuals having air transportation services at their disposal 4) Spurring other economic development by crossing thresholds for economies of scale, scope, and density. The authors note that this last form of impact is very difficult to quantify. COMMUNICATION PLAN Communication Objectives The objective of this strategic communications plan is to serve as a road map for how communications will be done between members of the project team as well as the stakeholders.. 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